Offshore Rig Ventilation design

In offshore rig ventilation design, attention is to be given to the vents inlet and outlet locations and airflow in order to minimize the possibility of cross contamination. Ventilation inlets are to be located in non-hazardous areas. Ventilation for hazardous areas is to be completely separate from that for non-hazardous areas.

Enclosed hazardous spaces are to be provided with ventilation so as to maintain them at a lower pressure than less hazardous zones. The arrangement of ventilation inlet and outlet openings in the space is to be such that the entire space is efficiently ventilated, giving special consideration to location of equipment which may release gas and to spaces where gas may accumulate. Enclosed hazardous spaces containing open active mud tanks are to be ventilated with high capacity mechanical venting systems capable of changing the air every two minutes.

The outlet air from Zone 1 and Zone 2 spaces is to be led in separate ducts to outdoor locations which in the absence of the considered outlet are of the same or lesser hazard than the ventilated space. The internal spaces of such ducts are the same Zone as the inlet space. Ventilation ducts for hazardous areas are to be at under pressure in relation to less hazardous areas and at overpressure in relation to more hazardous areas, when passing through such areas, and are to be rigidly constructed to avoid air leaks.

Ventilation inlets and outlets for non-hazardous spaces are to be located in non-hazardous areas. Where passing through hazardous areas, ducts are to have overpressure in relation to the hazardous area.

Courtesy of ISO standard

ISO_8861

Floaters model test - verify of design

Model testing of marine floaters

Small scale model testing is normally required in the process of designing new semi-sub, spars, ships and other marine structures. The ocean basin laboratory is made for testing of offshore structures and the scaling laws and the modelling principles are the same as those developed and used in traditional ship model testing in towing tanks. Model test could be done from large gravity-base concrete platforms to semisubmersibles, spar buoys and floating hoses, in model scales ranging from 1/40 to 1/150 in water depths from 30 m to 1200 m, and these contributed to a comprehensive and unique expertise and knowledge about design of small scale models, instrumentation, and data collection.

Focus of the model tests is to provide information about aspect of the behaviour that are difficult or impossible to obtain from theoretical analysis. These are normally related to extreme wave conditions, steep or breaking waves, interaction phenomena between waves and currents, or other nonlinear hydrodynamic interaction phenomena.

The size of the test basin allows modelling of a complete anchor system down to about 1000 m depth. For structures on greater depth, a technique of truncating the anchor system has been developed. In these cases, results from the model tests are used to provide input for a numerical simulation model that is subsequently used to obtain results for the full depth system. This approach is built on an accumulated experience of modelling truncated systems, and advanced parameter estimation techniques are used for extracting nonlinear hydrodynamic force coefficients from the model test results.

Floater Model Test

Basic Pump design

The inlet and outlet of a pump are two locations where pressure is of special interest. The difference in pressure head (the term pressure head refers to the energy associated with pressure divided by the weight of fluid displaced) between these two points is known as the Total Head. A system equation will be developed based on fundamental principles from which the Total Head of the pump can be calculated, as well as the pressure head anywhere within the system. These principles can be applied to very complex systems.

Centrifugal pumps are by far the most common type of pump used in industrial processes. This type of pump is the focus of the book. The challenge in pump sizing lies in determining the Total Head of the system, not the particular pump model, or the materials required for the application. The pump manufacturers are generally more than willing to help with specific recommendations. Information on models, materials, seals, etc., is available from pump manufacturer catalogs.

The Total Head of the pump provides the energy necessary to overcome the friction loss due to the movement of the fluid through pipes and equipment. It also provides the energy to compensate for the difference in height, velocity and pressure between the inlet and the outlet.

Pump Design

Your Business Fitness check

Knowledge of the financial "fitness" of your business is necessary for you to decide what you can and should do. Alot of financial health and performance of your business can be obtained by analysing your financial statements through financial ratios, terms like ROI, ROE, EBDITA,etc.. Comparing these ratios against past performance and similar businesses could give you some relevant indications of the strengths and weaknesses of your business.

SWOT analysis ( very common in Business studies and one of the framework for business analysis )

You should undertake a SWOT - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats - analysis to determine the state of your business, its capacity to recover now the downturn is over, and what additional capacity may be needed.

When analysing opportunities and threats, you should:

· Research changes in customer taste

· Research how the tough times have affected your suppliers and competitors.

· Determine what changes may need to be made, including adding capacity to your business, shifting capacity or disposing of excess capacity.

Review your business plan and rewrite where appropriate

You should review your current business plan to ensure it reflects the capacity of your business and the the ability to grow that capacity. You should consider where you want to take your business and understand any uncertainties that remain. Important areas to focus the plan on include:

· How to expand capacity

· How much such expansion is likely to cost

· How the business is going to pay for such expansion.

Focus on innovation and efficiency :

When a business is in recovery mode, it is likely to become more innovative while keeping a strong focus on efficiency. Areas innovation should be limited, while staff should be empowered to search for new opportunities. To ensure limited resources are focused on the most promising innovations, pre-action reviews of projects should be undertaken.

Take advantage of opportunities :

Businesses that now find themselves in a strong financial position should consider opportunities to expand. Opportunities may be favourable, as some asset prices remain depressed.

Review and revise your marketing plan :

You should consider reviewing and revising your marketing plan. Such a plan should reflect the likelihood of limited resources continuing to be a constraint on marketing activity. It is, therefore, important that your marketing plan be focused on helping improve the cash position of your business, its profitability and promoting any new - or revived - products and services.

A marketing plan for a business seeking to recover should:

· Focus on sales that have high margins and bring in cash quickly

· Reward staff for sales of higher-margin products and when payment is received

· Avoid discounting, unless it can achieve a better gross profit margin through increased sales

· Measure the success of each promotional activity or campaign

· Encourage customers to pay at the point of purchase or pay early.

Remain focused on improving cash position

Focus on improving your cash position by improving working capital management - such as by reducing stock levels, increasing the percentage of cash sales and reducing the time you give debtors to pay. Such moves add to your cash reserves, which can be an important source finance.

Focus on improving profitability

Amid the recovery, discounts and other incentives introduced to improve your cash position during the tough times should be removed, so you can focus on improving profitability. Increased profitability builds retained earnings, creating another internal source of finance.

Funding recovery efforts

When considering borrowing from a bank, a business should:

· Determine what the funds are to be used for and the time they are required

· Be realistic about the amount of funds that can be afforded

· Determine the level of security that can be offered

· Start early.

Addressing weaknesses in your business

The actions a business may have taken to get through the slowdown can have negative consequences that may need to be addressed amid the recovery. Activities that may need to be undertaken to address the consequences of actions taken during tough times include:

· Increase stock
· Pay down high-priced external debt
· Broaden the focus of sales
· Revisit staffing arrangements
· Beware of a false recovery.

Options to useful retirement ....

Some ways to useful retirement and not just work alone but to be useful again to the society :

With some ideas and suggestions for re-employing and redeploying silver talent, culled from the experience of companies :

1 Avoid the retirement mindset

It is the societal and company culture that often puts off older workers from staying on or applying for jobs. Job advertisements asking for applicants with 'energy' and 'fresh thinking' for a workplace that is 'fast-paced' implicitly tell older candidates that they are not welcome.

2 Reinvent and Rehire in different positions

At a property giant here, 'senior silver hairs' are placed in positions where they are not responsible for profit and loss. This means they are not in charge of balance sheets and their performance is not based on the bottom line. This allows them to avoid the pressures of the corporate world while remaining as experienced advisers.

3 Offer better re-employment contracts

Re-employment contracts often slash pay and health benefits, which older employees find humiliating. Although a pay cut is inevitable especially if the employee's work load is lighter, salary should be determined on a case-by-case basis, in consultation with the employee.

Re-employment contracts are usually offered on a yearly basis, subject to renewal. This takes away an employee's sense of security, which could be detrimental to morale. A three-year contract is a better compromise.

4 Rethink and redesign work habit arrangements

Older workers often want to continue working, but in a less intense and time-consuming environment. Being flexible with work arrangements or job-sharing would achieve this.

One company in America, business process outsourcer, allowed some 100 call-centre employees to work off-site. To fill the positions, it recruited older workers who proved excellent matches for its mature customers. When younger workers fill the roles, it found that they tend to quit after a while.

5 Offer and Provide flexi-retirement working time

Silver talent can be persuaded to remain in the company if they are given ample time to enjoy some amount of 'retirement'. Working six months a year or three days a week could provide this, as will taking a specified break in service (six months to a year) and then returning on contract.

6 Get retirees on retainer basis

Some companies also retain a pool of retirees who become management's first port of call when a sudden manpower injection is needed, whether in the case of cyclical spikes, job-sharing, or as a stop-gap measure in case of unplanned or long leave. As these employees already know how the company works, their deployment will avoid too much disruption.

7 Continue to Let the passion flow

Allow your silver talent the opportunity to take on passion projects of their own, whether running an innovation camp for employees, or getting involved with the company's corporate charity work.

Silver talent are no longer in the phase of life where work is the be-all and end-all. If they are convinced that they can use the company's resources to pursue the other interests they are passionate about, they are more likely to stay engaged at work.

8 Pass on the experiences learnt

The older executives or senior managers would have already gained a lot experiences from their years of working and it is surely useful for them to impart their experiences to the younger generation.

The Kolb Model and Subject Disciplines :

Kolb has undertaken extensive empirical work using the Learning Styles Inventory to relate different subject disciplines to the quadrants of the learning cycle and hence to different forms of knowledge: partly for reasons of space and partly for copyright reasons, you are referred to the text for the results.
Broadly speaking, he suggests that practitioners of creative disciplines, such as the arts, are found in the Divergent quadrant.
Pure scientists and mathematicians are in the Assimilative quadrant
Applied scientists and lawyers are in the Convergent quadrant

Professionals who have to operate more intuitively, such as teachers, are in the Accommodative quadrant
There are also differences in the location of specialists within the more general disciplines

This would suggest that different subject areas call for different learning styles, and raises the usual chicken and egg question as to whether the discipline promotes a particular learning style, or whether preferred learning style leads to adoption of a discipline, or of course, both. (All of the above assumes that there is some validity in this conceptualisation of "learning styles")